Class 12 Physics Complete Study Material and Notes for JEE, NEET, NDA, CUET and CBSE Board Exams

Physics forms the foundation of science, engineering, technology, defence, aviation, and teaching careers by developing analytical thinking and problem-solving skills. This category provides complete theory, NCERT solutions, solved numerical problems, conceptual questions and answers, derivations, MCQs, assertion and reason questions, case study questions, previous year questions (PYQs), important formulas, and exam-oriented notes for CBSE Board, JEE Main, JEE Advanced, NEET UG, CUET UG, UPSC NDA, IMU CET, IISER Aptitude Test (IAT), NEST, BITSAT, VITEEE, SRMJEEE, MET (Manipal), COMEDK UGET, MHT CET, KCET, WBJEE, AP EAPCET, TS EAPCET, KEAM, GUJCET, OJEE, BCECE, CG PET, ICAR AIEEA, AAI Recruitment, ISRO Recruitment, DRDO CEPTAM, BARC Recruitment, RRB ALP, RRB Technician, SSC JE, Navy AA/SSR, Indian Navy Agniveer, Air Force Agniveer Vayu, Army Technical Entry, Coast Guard Navik, SSB Technical Entries, Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS), Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (JNV/NVS), Army Public Schools (APS), Air Force Schools (AFS), Army Welfare Education Society (AWES), DSSSB, State TGT, PGT and Master Cadre Lecturer Recruitment Exam for PGT and TGT, Assistant Professor Recruitment, Polytechnic Lecturer Recruitment, Engineering Services and other Central and State Government teaching recruitment examinations, State Engineering Entrance Examinations, Defence Entrance Examinations, Police Technical Recruitment Examinations, and other engineering, science, defence, technical, aviation, PSPCL Electricity Board Recruitment and government competitive examinations conducted across India.

Class 12 Physics Course Structure

Unit 1: Electrostatics

Chapter 1: Electrostatic Charges and Fields

• • Introduction

• • Electric Charge

• • Two Kinds of Charges

• • Conductors, Insulators and Dielectrics

• • Gold Leaf Electroscope (GLE)

• • Origin of Electric Charge in Electrostatics

• • Charging by Induction (Competitive Exams Special)

• • Quantization of Electric Charge

• • Additivity of Charge

• • Conservation of Charge

• • Comparison of Charge and Mass

• • Coulomb’s Law

• • Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form

• • Units of Charge

• • Dielectric Constant or Relative Electrical Permittivity

• • Forces between Multiple Charges: Principle of Superposition

• • Continuous Charge Distribution

• • Force Due to Continuous Distribution of Charges

• • Concept of Electric Field

• • Electric Field Intensity

• • Electric Field Intensity due to a Point Charge

• • Electric Field Intensity due to a Group of Charges

• • Electric Field Intensity due to Continuous Charge Distribution

• • Rectangular Components of Electric Intensity due to a Point Charge

• • Physical Significance of Electric Field

• • Electric Field Lines

• • Properties of Electric Field Lines

• • Electric Dipole

• • Dipole Moment

• • Dipole Field

• • Field Intensity on Axial Line of Electric Dipole

• • Field Intensity on Equatorial Line of Electric Dipole

• • Electric Field Intensity at any Point due to a Short Electric Dipole

• • Electric Field Intensity at any Point on the Axis of a Uniformly Charged Ring

• • Electric Dipole in a Uniform Two Dimensional Electric Field

• • Potential Energy of Dipole in a Uniform Electric Field

• • Area Vector

• • Electric Flux

• • Gauss’s Theorem or Gauss’s Law in Electrostatics

• • Simple Verification of Gauss’s Theorem

• • Deduction of Coulomb’s Law from Gauss’s Theorem

• • Field due to an Infinitely Long Straight Uniformly Charged Wire

• • Electric Field Intensity due to a Uniformly Charged Spherical Shell

• • Electric Field Intensity due to a Non-conducting Charged Solid Sphere

• • Electric Field Intensity due to a Thin Infinite Plane Sheet of Charge

• • Electric Field Intensity due to Two Thin Infinite Plane Parallel Sheets of Charge

Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

• • Introduction

• • Electrostatic Potential Energy

• • Electrostatic Potential

• • Electrostatic Forces are Conservative

• • Electrostatic Potential due to a Point Charge

• • Potential at a Point due to Group of Electric Charges

• • Electrostatic Potential at a Point due to an Electric Dipole

• • Equipotential Surfaces

• • Relation Between Electric Intensity and Electric Potential

• • Expression for Electrostatic Potential Energy of a System of Charges

• • Potential Energy of Charges in an External Electric Field

• • Electrostatics of Conductors

• • Electrostatic Shielding

• • Electrical Capacitance

• • Capacity of an Isolated Spherical Conductor

• • Capacitor and Its Principle

• • Parallel Plate Capacitor

• • Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant

• • Spherical Capacitor

• • Grouping of Capacitors/Condensers

• • Energy Stored in a Capacitor

• • Total Energy Stored in a Combination of Capacitors

• • Energy Density of a Parallel Plate Capacitor

• • Common Potential

• • Loss of Energy on Sharing Charges

• • Non-polar and Polar Dielectrics

• • Dielectric Polarization

• • Dielectric Strength

• • Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with a Conducting Slab

• • Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor with a Dielectric Slab

• • Action of Sharp Points

• • Lightning Conductor

• • Van de Graaff Electrostatic Generator

Unit 2: Current Electricity

Chapter 3: Current Electricity

• • Introduction

• • Current Carriers

• • Electromotive Force

• • Difference Between Electromotive Force and Potential Difference

• • Electric Current

• • Electric Current in Conductors

• • Drift Velocity

• • Mobility

• • Relation Between Current and Drift Velocity

• • Ohm’s Law

• • Electrical Resistance

• • Electrical Resistivity or Specific Resistance

• • Current Density, Conductance and Electrical Conductivity

• • Classification of Materials in Terms of Conductivity

• • Effect of Temperature on Resistance

• • Variation of Electrical Resistivity with Temperature

• • Non-Ohmic Devices or Limitations of Ohm’s Law

• • Thermistors

• • Super-Conductivity

• • Meissner Effect (Competitive Exams Special)

• • Colour Code for Carbon Resistors (Competitive Exams Special)

• • Resistances in Series (Competitive Exams Special)

• • Resistances in Parallel (Competitive Exams Special)

• • EMF, Internal Resistance and Terminal Potential Difference of a Cell

• • Distinction Between E.M.F. and Terminal Potential Difference of a Cell

• • Grouping of Two Unidentical Cells in Series and Parallel

• • Grouping of Number of Identical Cells

• • Heating Effect of Current; Joule’s Law

• • Cause of Heating Effect of Current

• • Heat Produced by Electric Current

• • Electric Power

• • Electric Energy

• • Some Aspects of Heating Effects of Current

• • Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

• • Kirchhoff’s Rules

• • Wheatstone Bridge Principle

• • Temperature Measurement Using Wheatstone Bridge

• • Slide Wire Bridge or Meter Bridge

• • Potentiometer and its Principle of Working (Competitive Exams Special)

• • Determination of Potential Difference Using Potentiometer (Competitive Exams Special)

• • Comparison of EMFs of Two Cells Using Potentiometer (Competitive Exams Special)

• • Determination of Internal Resistance of a Cell by Potentiometer Method (Competitive Exams Special)

• • Sensitiveness of Potentiometer (Competitive Exams Special)

• • Difference Between Potentiometer and Voltmeter (Competitive Exams Special)

Unit 3: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

• • Introduction

• • Oersted’s Experiment

• • Magnetic Field

• • Biot-Savart’s Law

• • Similarities and Dis-Similarities Between Biot-Savart’s Law for Magnetic Field and Coulomb’s Law for Electrostatic Field

• • Magnetic Field due to a Straight Wire Carrying Current

• • Magnetic Field at the Centre of the Circular Coil Carrying Current

• • Magnetic Field at a Point on the Axis of a Circular Coil Carrying Current

• • Magnetic Field due to Various Current Carrying Configurations

• • Ampere’s Circuital Law

• • Applications of Ampere’s Circuital Law

• • Magnetic Field due to Infinite Long Straight Wire Carrying Current

• • Magnetic Field due to Current Through a Very Long Circular Cylinder

• • The Solenoid

• • The Toroid

• • Comparison Between Ampere’s Circuital Law and Biot-Savart’s Law

• • Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field

• • Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field

• • Lorentz Force

• • Velocity Filter

• • Cyclotron

• • Force on a Current Carrying Conductor Placed in a Magnetic Field

• • Force Between Two Parallel Linear Conductors Carrying Current

• • Experimental Demonstration of the Magnetic Force Between Parallel Currents

• • Comparison of Electrical and Magnetic Forces

• • Torque on a Current Carrying Coil in a Magnetic Field

• • Moving Coil Galvanometer

• • Weston Type Galvanometer

• • Shunt

• • Ammeter

• • Voltmeter

Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter

• • Introduction

• • The Bar Magnet

• • Some Basics of Magnetism

• • The Magnetic Field Lines

• • Properties of Magnetic Field Lines

• • Magnetic Dipole

• • Magnetic Field Strength at a Point due to Bar Magnet

• • Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole

• • Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid

• • Torque on a Bar Magnet in a Magnetic Field

• • Determination of Magnitude of Magnetic Field Using a Compass Needle

• • Potential Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Magnetic Field

• • The Electrostatic Analogue of Magnetism

• • Gauss’s Law for Magnetism

• • Magnetic Field of Earth

• • Cause of Earth’s Magnetism

• • General Features of Earth’s Magnetic Field

• • Magnetic Elements

• • Variation of Earth’s Magnetic Field

• • Neutral Points

• • The Tangent Law in Magnetism

• • Tangent Galvanometer

• • Bohr Magneton or Magnetic Dipole Moment of an Atom due to Revolving Electron

• • Some Important Terms Used in Magnetism

• • Relation Between Magnetic Permeability and Magnetic Susceptibility

• • Classification of Magnetic Materials

• • Curie Law in Magnetism

• • Hysteresis Curve

• • Energy Dissipation Due to Hysteresis

• • Uses of Ferromagnetics

Unit 4: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction

• • Introduction

• • Magnetic Flux

• • The Experiments of Faraday and Henry

• • Cause of Induced E.M.F.

• • Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

• • Lenz’s Law

• • Lenz’s Law and Energy Conservation

• • Fleming’s Right Hand Rule

• • Various Methods of Producing Induced E.M.F.

• • Motional Electromotive Force

• • Power Dissipated in a Conductor Moved in Magnetic Field

• • Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents

• • Applications of Eddy Currents

• • Self Induction

• • Self Inductance of a Long Solenoid

• • Grouping of Coils

• • Mutual Induction

• • Mutual Inductance of Two Long Coaxial Solenoids

• • A.C. Generator or A.C. Dynamo

• • Multi Phase A.C. Generator

• • D.C. Generator or D.C. Dynamo (Competitive Exams Special)

• • D.C. Motor (Competitive Exams Special)

• • Motor Starter (Competitive Exams Special)

Chapter 7: Alternating Currents

• • Introduction: The Alternating Current

• • Transient Currents

• • Growth and Decay of Current in an Inductor

• • Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor Through Resistor

• • Mean Value or Average Value of Alternating Current

• • Mean Value or Average Value of Alternating E.M.F.

• • Root Mean Square Value of Alternating Current

• • Root Mean Square Value of Alternating E.M.F.

• • A.C. Circuit Containing Resistance Only

• • A.C. Circuit Containing Inductance Only

• • A.C. Circuit Containing Capacitance Only

• • A.C. Circuit Containing Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in Series (RLC Circuit)

• • Impedance Triangle

• • A.C. Circuit Containing Resistance and Inductance

• • A.C. Circuit Containing Resistance and Capacitance

• • Energy Stored in an Inductor

• • LC Oscillations

• • Analogy Between Mechanical and Electrical Quantities

• • Electric Resonance

• • Q Factor of Resonance Circuit or Sharpness of Resonance

• • Parallel Resonance Circuit

• • Average Power Associated with Resistance or Non-inductive Circuit

• • Average Power Associated with an Inductor

• • Average Power Associated with a Capacitor

• • Average Power in RLC Circuit or Inductive Circuit

• • Power Factor of An A.C. Circuit

• • Wattless Current or Idle Current

• • Real Resistors, Inductors and Capacitors

• • Advantages and Drawbacks of A.C. Over D.C.

• • Transformer

• • Energy Losses in a Transformer

• • Uses of Transformer

• • Choke Coil

Standard Assessment & Practice Modules (Applicable for all Chapters)

• • Solved Examples

• • Revision At A Glance

• • Multiple Choice Questions

• • Assertion-Reason Type Questions

• • Conceptual Problems

• • Very Short Answer Questions [1 Mark]

• • Short Answer Questions [2 Marks]

• • Short Answer Questions [3 Marks]

• • Long Answer Questions [5 or more Marks]

• • Case-Based Very Short/Short Questions

• • Case-Based MCQs and Assertion-Reason Questions

• • Problems For Practice

• • NCERT Exercises with Solutions

• • NCERT Exemplar Problems with Answers, Hints & Solutions

• • Competition Focus [NEET/JEE Special]